There is this idea that there are a few mean nasty bullies out there and everything will be okay if we just teach people to stand up to them. This idea is false. Most people have experienced bullying. And most people have bullied others. This is true of children. This is true of adults. Bullying seems to be part of normal human interactions.
Generally, I see two major patterns in bullying. Most "bullies" are actually great potential leaders, who just need a little guidance and education about the ethics of power. The rest are self-destructive kids that are in so much pain that they throw off shrapnel and hurt others. The first group is usually eager to improve their skills. The second group responds well to love and compassion: they stop hurting others once they stop hating themselves.
Non-violent communication (NVC) can be a useful tool, and I use it frequently. But I have seen a number of people who use NVC as a way to bully others while feeling morally superior. It's not a cure-all.
I train all "my" kids (including students, neighbors, etc.) about the responsible use of power. There are four core lessons.
Lesson 1. Learn to distinguish between authority and influence.
People with authority have the right to use force, give orders, and issue punishments. People with influence have the right to make suggestions, negotiate, give feedback, and lead by example. Good authority figures use the tools of influence as much as possible, but they can fall back on the tools of authority if necessary.
Learn who has authority over who and under what situations. Police officers have authority over me. I have authority over my children. My oldest daughter (age 14) has authority over her younger siblings *only* when doing formal babysitting. I have limited authority over neighborhood children when they visit my house, but once they walk out the door my authority over them ends. On the street, I only have influence.
Understand that most problems can be dealt with using the tools of influence. But if a problem requires the tools of authority, someone who has the right to use those tools needs to be called in. I do not have the right to arrest people on the street. Children do not have the right to punish each other. If someone on the street needs to be arrested, I have to call the police. If a child needs to be punished, an adult with authority needs to get involved.
Generally speaking, bullying is about someone trying to use the forceful tools of authority when they have no right to do so. It's about peers trying to force a certain behavior on each other. I work very hard to teach my kids not to take authority that is not theirs, and not to allow anyone else to act like authorities when they haven't the right.
Lesson 2: Be vigilant about consent
Many people with forceful personalities can accidentally bully others. They may think they're being persuasive (a legitimate tool of influence) when actually they're scaring people into compliance. I teach my kids that a "yes" only counts if someone is saying it with their mouth, their body, and their eyes. If the words don't match the body language, back off! Ask questions. If the body says "no" and the mouth says "yes", call it a "no".
Lesson 3: No dominance games
Dominance games is when two people who are basically equal are trying to push each other around to prove dominance, either trying to puff themselves up or deflate someone else. I teach that this is foolish, and cut it off whenever I see it. If someone is actually dominant, it's earned through excellent behavior and skill, and is instantly recognised by everyone. Puffing yourself up just makes you look like an easily-popped puffball. Honest competition, where each person is striving to master a skill, is something entirely different, and I totally support that.
Lesson 4: Be a good leader
Leadership is not about getting whatever you want. If you want to arrange things exactly to your liking, you need to play alone. Powerful leaders take responsibility for making sure everyone is feeling happy and safe, and that all voices are heard. There's a heck of a big difference between being in charge and being bossy.