You know, there is so much variation in individual needs – for feeding, for sleep, in both adults and children. Unfortunately, these needs can often conflict, and are a major cause for dismay in MANY parents. This is very likely NOT your fault in any way, and I'm sad to hear you were chastised. It is more than likely just the luck (or unluck) of the draw.
MOST babies can get by at a year (or so) without night feedings. But not all babies, by any means. My daughter had a delicate stomach, and simply could not hold down enough food at a meal to make it more than 2.5 hours until the next meal, day or night, until she was about two, as I recall. She would simply spit up part of her meal if I managed to coax her to eat more. So refusing to feed her at night would have been cruel and intolerable for both of us.
Would your husband be willing to take on at least one night feeding, or alternate nights, if you pumped? Or would letting your baby co-sleep with you make it easier? That was my solution; dreaming sweetly away while she nursed herself back to sleep. And she did not become dependent on sleeping with me – that's another variable that you can't really predict. Some parents claim it sets up a bad habit, but I've known a number of babies who had no trouble sleeping in their own beds after co-sleeping for their first year or two.
"Sleep training" has also turned out to be a cruel hoax for quite a few young moms who have tried it. What it really means for many babies is not "sleep" training, but training him not to expect to get his emotional or food needs met, and giving up. This toughens up some children, but makes others sad or angry and withdrawn or prone to acting out more. Again, that's an entirely variable response.
As far as your needs are concerned, sleep is important. It's true that we can usually get by on much less than we need, but it can be hell at the time. Looking back someday, you'll have a harder time remembering how draining it felt, and you'll be surprised that you're doing fine. My grandson was a terrible sleeper until 2.5, and there were times my daughter and son-in-law thought they would go insane from lack of sleep. I would spend some nights over to give them some relief. If there is ANYBODY you can call on to give you a few extra snooze hours here or there, do it, even if it means hiring a babysitter weekend mornings. It may be the difference between feeling like you just can't survive it, or getting the problem down to a manageable size.
You WILL look back on this someday and be glad you held it together for however long it took, and it will not seem nearly as long in hindsight. I know it's hard to see the end from where you are now. I hope those of us who survived it don't hurt ourselves patting our own backs. Not fair or helpful.