Check out the book:
Helping Your Kids Cope with Divorce the Sandcastles Way Paperback
by M. Gary Neuman
Amazon reviews:
http://www.amazon.com/Helping-Your-Kids-Divorce-Sandcastl...
There are chapters for each age the child goes through divorce, how they process it and how to help them.
There should be other books on that page (recommended, similar topic) that will help you.
One of my local Christian churches has a divorce support group for kids and adults. You might want to check out to see if churches in your area offer the same.
I think that if you 2 focus on being kind and civil to each other, they will be OK. Try to stay in the same zip code as your ex. IMO one of the worst things that happens to a child in divorce is that they have to fly alone to see the other parent and his/her new family.
If I were divorced, I would not leave my zip code if it meant driving so far that their father couldn't see them quickly and easily. If I had a new "Mr. Wonderful" 1-4 hours away (better town, better schools, better whatever) I would not move away. As much as I would "want" to, I would care as much as how it would affect my kids AND their father. They matter too. It's not all about "my needs" all the time. The father's relationship with his children is PRIMARY. Mother and father's role in their lives should be respected.
To answer your original question. It depends on the parents and how they behave. If they are toxic, self-centered twits (or even 1 of the 2), yes, major damage down the line. If he marries a woman with kids (or without kids) who decides your children are 2nd class citizens, they (and you) will have problems. If he marries a woman who wants to move away to be close to her family, your kids will feel abandoned and resentful. If he marries and establishes another home with another woman, they will feel left behind (and some kids act out). I could go on and on.
If the 2 parents are willing to work together for the sake of the children, it's possible that they will overcome this.
I read your prior post about considering counseling you posted last year. Ever watch the TV show WIFE SWAP? It's fascinating to me how many couples are opposite of each other. You might want to watch the show and see different family dynamics at work.
I would personally try to find common ground with my husband before divorce. Boredom for me wouldn't cut it. I'm not criticizing you. I would divorce my husband if he were gambling our lives away, was a criminal, beat me or the kids, was a drunk or addict, etc... If he was dangerous, he'd be out. Boring? Unfulfilled life? Nope. I'd work on it.
Marriage is like a gem. There are many facets. Sometimes, you only see one side, but there are other sides you are missing.
Here are 2 Christian counseling workshop for marriages. Watch the videos.
Weekend to Remember - Family Life Ministries
http://www.familylife.com/weekend#.Ut4X4faIYY4
Marriage Solution Workshop - New Life Ministries
http://newlife.com/newlifemarriageweekend