J., first, my heart goes out to your daughter and to you too. I have a second-grade daughter who in first grade also had some periods of stress and was very emotional about it, though her outlet was tears and self-criticism rather than anger towards others. Please know that I think it's common for many kids to experience new stress in first grade because expectations are so high; they have homework for the first time; they want to be perfect for the teacher but feel they can't; they are coping with new friends and new social pressures--yes, it starts this young.
But the recommendation would be the same: See the counselor and the teacher right away. Though she's outwardly respectful to the teacher at school and has no apparent behavior problems while there, your daughter is internalizing her worry and fear and lets it lash out at home. The fact she said she "had problems finishing her work at school" really jumped out at me because my daughter went through a time of "I can't get my work done, my 'work in progress' folder is too full" etc. and she was becoming very stressed about it at home but wouldn't talk to her teacher at school for great fear of "I'll get in trouble with the teacher." Now is the time for your daughter to learn that she CAN and must trust her teacher and talk to her about strategies to get her work done in the time allotted; or the teacher may, to your child's surprise, allow her to bring home unfinished classwork. I talked to the counselor as well, and she recommended that my daughter keep a "worry notebook" in her desk at school and another at home; when my daughter started feeling worried or stressed, she was allowed by the teacher to slip the notebook out, write down her worries, and put it away again; I also encouraged her to write down worries at home. The idea was: "Close the cover of the notebook and put your worries away there." It did help. If your daughter isn't a confident writer yet, maybe there's another technique for helping her process this stress before she gets home and melts down. But this is what counselors and, to an extent, teachers are there for--use them.
The extreme half-hour blow-ups and actions like destroying photos are worrisome; I'd ask the counselor about whether he or she should talk to your daughter about handling anger. (That is a topic that usually comes up in classroom counseling sessions--does your school have the counselor regularly visit the classrooms for lessons with the kids? Ours does and it's valuable.) The counselor may want to talk to your daughter alone a few times. If the counselor is a good one, a few friendly chats could really help your child. It's important to emphasize that seeing the counselor or talking to the teacher are NOT punishments in any way, and if possible to make any talks feel like privileges. (My daughter adored her teacher so that helped, and the teacher was very understanding.)
Also, the other people who posted are right that your child may need some exercise and a good, healthy snack right after school to help her wind down. Especially if she has a long bus ride after school or is in after-school activities, she may need more down time before homework than she's getting. I do agree with you on no TV until after homework, and stick to your guns on that, but be sure you stay calm and don't rise to her attacks and they should get shorter and shorter.
Please post here and let us know what happens. I really am thinking of you because it's so tough to have our lovely little girls so angry and upset, but unfortunately it's sometimes a part of these early grades. Just let her know, as I'm sure you do, that she can still talk to you even if she's angry with you (and she thinks she's angry with you -- she's really frustrated with herself and her own frustration wtih school). Take care!