First, I agree with you that "cry it out" is *not* the way to go -- esp. as evidenced by him crying so hard he threw up. However, I think your husband is wanting you to train the baby to sleep in the crib while he's gone, so that when he comes home, you can just put him down and he won't bother your husband.
I think that there is a better way than just putting him down and ignoring him. Do you have two weeks solid without your husband, or is he gone every other week? Either way, you may be able to make this adjustment while he's gone (although it would probably be easier if you had the two-week bloc of time). I can understand your husband's frustration -- he gets home tired from being gone from his wife for a week (or two), and then he has to deal with a screaming baby who is refusing to sleep in his crib like all the other babies your husband has ever known. So, your current course of action isn't getting you anywhere and needs to change.
I didn't read the other advice [it went straight to the "my answer" box], but I hope that other women will be able to help you with specific advice for gentle sleep solutions that I only know by name: The No-Cry Sleep Solution by Elizabeth Pantley, anything by Dr. Sears, and I'm certain there are others.
Does your son take naps in the crib? It may be that you can start with that. Talk to your son, acknowledge the birth trauma that both you and he endured, acknowledge your separation and his fear -- yes, he's only 1 y/o, but I believe babies know more than we think they do, and I'm certain they remember more (even if not consciously) than we could ever believe. Tell him what happened in the hospital both leading up to his birth and afterward, tell him what you felt and what you think he felt. [Even if you think my advice won't work, what do you have to lose?] Tell him that you hated it when they took him away from you in the hospital but it was necessary because... (or you thought it was necessary at the time, even if you now think it wasn't; or you weren't given a choice, but you wish you'd stood up to them and demanded him) -- whatever the reason, tell him. Then tell him that that was in the hospital, and it's not the way it is now. That you love him and will stay with him and he doesn't have to worry about being taken away from you. [Be holding him, preferably skin-to-skin and/or nursing at this time.] And tell him that when you put him down in the crib, that doesn't mean you are going away, you'll be in the living room or kitchen, close by to hear him call you [i.e., cry, which is his only vocabulary right now, other than body language], and that he'll be safe in his crib, just like he's safe in your bed.
It also may be helpful for both the crib and the playpen issue, (both what I've said above and the following), to get a carrier that will allow you to hold your son and take him with you around the house. There are a mind-boggling array of different carriers, ring slings, Maya wraps, various types of backpacks and front-packs -- just find one you and your son love, and then he won't be separated from you.
Right now it sounds as if he doesn't trust that when you are away that you are still there and/or will be coming back, so he needs you to be there the whole time. Part of that may be normal baby behavior ("separation anxiety" usually kicks in around 9 m/o, and I can't remember when it typically goes away), but you may just need to stop separating yourself from him for a while, so that he can build the trust in himself that you will actually be there. Also, playing peek-a-boo will help, with you leaving the room and then popping your head back in, to let him realize that you are actually right there, even when he can't see you.
You say your house isn't always safe for him to roam -- are there steps you can do to make it so? Of course, if you have him close to you, he won't be "roaming" because you'll be able to see him all the time, and teach him which things he is not allowed to touch, and what's not safe for him. Put away things that can be broken and/or hurt him (anything dangerous), but you can leave out other "no-no's" to teach him boundaries without having physical boundaries like the playpen.