You have a tough road ahead of you, but if you stick with a strict routine, it should be a short road to freedom. I really feel your pain, I've been there. All children seem to feel a need to keep mommy on a string at night. My husband used to dream through the trouble and let me do all the sleepless work, until I told him that I was going to share the baby with bed and he could sleep in the crib unless he pitched in to help.
My suggestion would be to do what you started to do, but change it up a bit so she won't scream herself hoarse. Does the baby have a night light in her room? If not, she probably needs one. Also, is there anything in her room (like a stuffed animal) that she absolutely loves to hold? Find something (not like sucking her finger which is a hard habit to break) that can give her comfort at night. Your nightly routine needs to include calming things and shared time. Have baby's bath, read some baby books with her, talk about going to bed in a soft, calm voice, give her the stuffed animal or blanket for comfort, lay her down in her bed, still talking calmly and softly about the following day or dreamland or whatever. She probably won't understand your words yet, but she will feel the mood that you create. Turn out lights (except that night light), you could pat her back or tell her good night or say prayers (whatever works here for you), then walk around the room a little straightening toys or books and then tell her to close her eyes and go to sleep. Go to the other room and wait for the crying to begin. You may not have to wait long. The trick is to let her see you leave the room, even in a sleepy stage, so she knows you are going. Then when she cries, give her some time, 15 minutes at the most, and go back into her room. Help her lay down in her crib, pat her back and tell her good night. This reinforces that you will come back, while showing her that she will have to comfort herself. Do this over and over again all night. Enlist daddy's help (maybe starting on a weekend when he isn't working so you both have a little sleep) and take turns every other hour or so. When you go back in again after the first time you return, don't talk except maybe to whisper good night. Just put her back in her bed. In a couple of days she will get the idea and start sleeping more and more. Then when she cries and you need to get up to comfort her, try doing so from the door of the room. Whisper, "It's okay, honey, mommy's here." Then if she won't be comforted you can go into her room and lay her back down again. I know it sounds like a pain in the rear, but it really does work. It is hard at first, the hardest part is to let them cry and do nothing, but it only took 2 1/2 nights for my first born to get used to the idea and his little brother only needed 1 night before he slept in nice, long spurts. I hope you have a blissfully uninterupted night of sleep soon. Good luck.