S.T.
As a former podiatrist I can tell you that bone spurs (in this case) are definitely not caused by malabsorption, but by the large band of fascia that connect the metatarsal heads to the heel. When you over pronate (have flat feet) that band of fascia pulls on its attachment called the aponeurosis. that fascia gets inflamed - hence plantar fasciitis.The aponeurosis is attached to the bone, and with time the pulling causes the bone to start getting irritated and begin to lay down new bone to try and shorten that gap. This ends up being a heel spur. It takes a long time to get to this point. A lot of people have heel spurs and don't even know it, most of the time they have no symptoms. But in some people they are holy hell. Especially when they branch off and cause extra little spurs as in your case.
Yes heel spurs can be removed surgically, I have seen a few people who have had them removed, not many. Most of the time cortisone shots, combined with an ibuprofen regime (3 times a day for at least a month) as well as orthotics or shoe modifications will resolve the issue.
If you ask my advice, I would say do not go with foot surgery. Foot surgery has a notoriously low success rate. I would exhaust ever other treatment first