C.N.
Dear N.,
Well, for one thing, a 16 month old child does need to rest or nap, as the case may be. He might be clingy because his body needs more rest. No kidding ! At 16 months sometimes they get bossy and say that they don't want to take a nap, and that is normal, but they do need to lay on the bed, rest, don't have to go to sleep, but if they do, it is much better. Put him down right after lunch, then the food will help him feel sleepy. Be sure to get him up by 2:00 or 2:30 at the latest or it will ruin the rhythm of the rest of his day.
Be sure that you are spending time with him when he is eating meals. Sometimes children have to eat at a certain time and it is not the adult lunch, breakfast, or dinner just yet. Sit with him and give him your total attention just like he was a guest. He will love it and probably eat more food. You put a small amount of food on his plate, and the rest that you are hoping that he will eat on your 'plate', then you can offer him more and alternatives if he isn't into eating what you put before him.
After a meal tell him that it is play time for him, and set him up in a nest of a few toys, then say that it is work time for you. He will start to get the idea.
Then when the time is appropriate sit and play for a bit with him, and end the session with a book or a song. Then to bed or bath or whatever and your 'work time'. They just love schedules and get so that they enjoy them, keep telling him that this is your and his together time . It will help and maybe work. Who knows. But it is a try. Try is the most important word in the world, you know.
Be sure that he doesn't choose his own bed time at night also. This is where you let the baby know that you and Dad are the ones running his universe, and he has to obey. He may cry and get up from bed and stuff like that,but if you persevere, then the rest of your life will be a loooooot more pleasant. Cooperation and abiding the law is learned, and it can start at a very early age.
Had you ever thought about it that way before? I taught school in a Middle School 6,7,8th grades. I tried to tell the Principal and Counselor that the students needed to learn how to obey the rules in the school so that they can obey the rules of our society when they are older. Umhum, yes, that's right.
Sincerely, C. N.